Erickson Tribune

Arts and Culture

UPDATED: Friday, December 15, 2006

Animated movies: that old magic keeps getting better

Posted on Friday, December 15, 2006
 

By Bill Herrfeldt
ERICKSON TRIBUNE

Animated movies have become one of the most popular film genres, especially among the younger set. And because of that popularity, the quality of animated movies today is nothing short of amazing.

But it has not always been that way. Let’s take a brief look at how far animation has come since its meager beginning 100 years ago.

The Age of Animation begins
In 1906, James Stuart Blackton made what some consider the first American animated film, Humorous Phases of Funny Faces. It features an artist’s hand drawing the faces of a man and a woman with chalk. The two faces then begin to interact, as the man blows cigar smoke and tips his hat. Blackton used a combination of chalk drawings and cutouts to achieve the movement. By 1910 he ceased his animation experiments, while Winsor McCay and others began theirs.

McCay claimed that his first attempts at an animated film were inspired by some flipbooks his son owned. In 1911, McCay released the film Little Nemo. It consisted of 4,000 drawings using translucent rice paper and india ink.

To create fluid movement, he devised a wooden holder and put crosshairs in the corners of the paper to keep the drawings in register and used a stopwatch to time the movements on paper to the split second.

Subsequent films included The Story of a Mosquito and Gertie the Dinosaur. The latter is one of the most famous and influential of early animated films.

Disney sets the bar high
In 1916, Walt Disney was a freshman in a Chicago high school. It was wartime, so Disney dropped out of school and spent a year in France with the Red Cross. Upon his return, he made ads for newspapers, magazines and movie theaters. Then he was off to California where he and his brother Roy started Disney Brothers Studio.

In 1925, Disney hired Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid. Later, they were married, and Lillian is credited with naming Mickey Mouse.


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Twelve years later, Disney Studios released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. It was the most successful motion picture in 1938, earning almost $9 million. (That’s not bad considering that children could see it for a dime!)

At the beginning of World War II, Snow White was followed by the movies Pinocchio, Dumbo, and Fantasia. Fantasia consisted of over 250,000 pieces of celluloid that were individually drawn and inked by hand. Because of the labor involved in creating them, the expense today would make Fantasia prohibitive to produce.

Television attracts the movie-going public
When television became the “must have” entertainment medium in the late 1940s, animated cartoons became ubiquitous fare. One of the first images to be broadcast over television was that of Felix the Cat, and they began drawing audiences away from movie theaters.

Economics and timing almost kill the animation industry
One of the problems with producing animation for television was the extremely labor intensive animation process. While theatrical short subjects were previously produced in six-month cycles or longer, network television needed a season of up to 20 half-hour episodes each year.

This led to a number of shortcut techniques to speed up the production process. For example, celluloids were reused many times, camera moves were used to suggest animation, and audio enabled “talking heads” to make the animation entertaining.

Economics and timing requirements led to a reduction in production quality that was not reversed until the age of digital animation began in the late 1980s.

The new generation of Disney artists breathed life back into animation with films like Who Framed Roger Rabbit? and The Little Mermaid. These well-crafted cartoons were celebrations of animation’s glory days, and the public proved just as nostalgic as the artists themselves. The new Disney crew showed they were still capable of turning out great art.

The next time you take your grandkids to the latest animated feature, remember that it took over a hundred years to perfect the art. “Quality is commonplace in animated classics from 1995’s Toy Story on through this year’s Over the Hedge,” says Desson Thompson of The Washington Post.

Regardless of which animated feature you see, brace yourself for a creative experience once thought impossible to achieve.

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